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摘要：关单币种“跨境人民币”：定义与时代背景“关单币种跨境人民币”是指在国际贸易中，进出口企业以人民币作为计价、结算货币，海关依据人民币申报的关单（报关单）办理货物通关手续的结算模式，这一模式依托人民币国际...
关单币种“跨境人民币”：定义与时代背景
“关单币种跨境人民币”是指在国际贸易中，进出口企业以人民币作为计价、结算货币，海关依据人民币申报的关单（报关单）办理货物通关手续的结算模式，这一模式依托人民币国际化进程，打破了传统跨境贸易对美元、欧元等主权货币的依赖，为外贸企业提供了更高效、低成本的结算选择，同时也是中国构建“双循环”新发展格局、提升国际经济话语权的重要举措。
近年来,随着人民币跨境支付系统（CIPS）的完善、人民币汇率形成机制的市场化改革，以及“一带一路”倡议的深入推进，跨境人民币在货物贸易、服务贸易及直接投资中的使用规模持续扩大，2023年，人民币跨境支付系统处理金额已超过40万亿元人民币，人民币在全球外汇储备中的占比升至2.69%，成为第五大储备货币，在此背景下，“关单币种跨境人民币”从政策试点走向常态化实践，正逐步重塑全球贸易结算格局。
关单币种跨境人民币：外贸企业的“减负增效”之选
在传统跨境贸易中,企业多以美元结算，面临“汇兑损失”“二次结汇”“融资成本高”等痛点，而采用“关单币种跨境人民币”模式，能为企业带来多重实际效益：
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规避汇率波动风险：人民币结算 eliminates the need for enterprises to exchange between RMB and foreign currencies, directly avoiding exchange rate fluctuations caused by international market changes. For example, if an export enterprise settles in US dollars, when the RMB appreciates against the dollar, its actual RMB income will be reduced; conversely, if it settles in RMB, the income is stable, which helps enterprises to lock in profits and reduce risks.
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降低综合交易成本：跨境人民币 settlement reduces the link of currency exchange, saves the exchange spread cost, and reduces the financial expenses such as foreign exchange hedging. At the same time, the RMB settlement speed is faster, the capital turnover is more efficient, and the working capital pressure of enterprises is reduced.
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简化通关与结算流程： When declaring customs declarations in RMB, enterprises can directly use RMB invoices and contracts, reducing the time and cost of foreign exchange verification and customs declaration. Customs and banks can also carry out information sharing and joint supervision through the "single window" system, improving the efficiency of customs clearance and fund settlement.
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提升国际市场竞争力： For enterprises along the "Belt and Road" and emerging markets, RMB settlement enhances the acceptance of RMB in local markets, helps to expand customer resources, and enhances the bargaining power in international trade negotiations. At the same time, it also helps Chinese enterprises to better integrate into the global industrial chain and supply chain.
政策支持与实践案例：跨境人民币结算的“加速器”
近年来, China has continuously optimized policies to promote the use of RMB in customs declarations and cross-border trade. The People's Bank of China, the General Administration of Customs, and other departments have issued a number of documents, clarifying that enterprises can use RMB for customs declaration, tax payment and refund, and encouraging banks to provide RMB cross-border settlement services. For example, the "Pilot Measures for Cross-border Trade in RMB" in Hainan Free Trade Port clearly support enterprises to use RMB for import and export trade settlement, and provide convenient customs clearance services for RMB-denominated customs declarations.
In practice, many enterprises have benefited from the RMB settlement model. For example, a machinery manufacturing enterprise in Zhejiang Province settled 10 million RMB for its export of equipment to Southeast Asia through the RMB settlement mode, avoiding the loss of 150,000 RMB caused by exchange rate fluctuations, and reducing the exchange cost by 20,000 RMB. A foreign trade company in Guangdong Province used RMB settlement for imports from ASEAN, which shortened the fund settlement cycle from 5 days to 1 day, and effectively improved the capital utilization efficiency.
挑战与展望：迈向更高水平的跨境人民币国际化
Although the "customs declaration currency cross-border RMB" model has achieved initial results, it still faces some challenges: for example, the acceptance of RMB in some countries and regions is not high, the depth and breadth of RMB financial market need to be improved, and the awareness of RMB settlement among some SMEs is insufficient.
Looking forward, with the continuous deepening of RMB internationalization and the optimization of domestic and international policies, the "customs declaration currency cross-border RMB" model will usher in broader development space. On the one hand, it is necessary to further expand the scope of RMB settlement, promote the use of RMB in more countries and regions along the "Belt and Road", and enhance the global liquidity and convenience of RMB. On the other hand, it is necessary to enrich RMB financial products, improve the RMB foreign exchange market, and provide enterprises with more comprehensive risk management tools. At the same time, it is also necessary to strengthen publicity and guidance, improve the awareness and application ability of SMEs in RMB settlement, and promote the "customs declaration currency cross-border RMB" model to benefit more foreign trade enterprises.
In short, the "customs declaration currency cross-border RMB" model is not only an important measure to promote the high-quality development of foreign trade, but also an important practice to build a new development pattern of "double circulation". With the joint efforts of all parties, RMB will play a more important role in global trade and investment, and make greater contributions to promoting the construction of an open world economy.
